International maritime security Law

* 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 1

* 1.2 What is "Maritime Security Law"? ......................................................... 5

* 1.2.1 The Protean Nature of Maritime Security Law ................................... 7

* 1.2.2 The Influence of Law on Sea Power ................................................. 11

* 1.2.3 Influence of Law on Maritime Security .............................................. 12

* 1.3 Building a Public Order of the Oceans ................................................. 15

* 1.3.1 From Westphalia to Montego Bay ..................................................... 16

* 1.3.2 Building a Global Maritime Partnership ............................................. 19

* 1.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 23

Chapter Two: American Maritime Security Policy and Strategy .................... 25

* 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 25

* 2.2 U.S. Maritime Security Policy ................................................................ 27

* 2.3 National Strategy for Maritime Security ................................................. 30

* 2.4 National Strategy for Global Supply Chain Security .............................. 33

* 2.5 U.S. Maritime Strategy for Homeland Security ...................................... 35

* 2.6 Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Sea Power ................................ 36

* 2.6.1 Naval Operations Concept .................................................................. 38

* 2.6.2 Expeditionary Sea Power .................................................................... 40

* 2.6.3 Pivot to Asia and the Air-Sea Battle Concept ...................................... 42

Chapter Three: European Maritime Strategy and Policy ................................ 47

* 3.1 North Atlantic Treaty Organization ......................................................... 47

* 3.1.1 NATO Alliance Maritime Strategy ....................................................... 49

* 3.1.1.1 Collective Defense .......................................................................... 50

* 3.1.1.2 Crisis Management ......................................................................... 50

* 3.1.1.3 Cooperative Security ....................................................................... 51

* 3.1.1.4 Maritime Security Operations .......................................................... 52

* a. Nato Maritime Organization .................................................................... 53

* b. Operation Active Endeavor ..................................................................... 54

* c. Ocean Shield: Counter-piracy ................................................................. 55

* 3.1.1.5 Promotion of International Law ........................................................ 57

* 3.2 European Union ..................................................................................... 58

* 3.2.1 Blue Book—Integrated Maritime Policy .............................................. 62

* 3.2.1.1 Maritime Surveillance ...................................................................... 62

* 3.2.1.2 Naval Capabilities ............................................................................ 64

* 3.2.1.3 Anti-piracy Operations ...................................................................... 64

* 3.2.1.4 A Security Strategy for the Global Maritime Domain ........................ 66

* 3.3 Chiefs of European Navies Maritime Operational Concept .................... 66

* 3.4 U.K. Future Maritime Operational Concept ............................................ 70

Chapter Four: Peacetime Zones and Control Measures ................................ 75

* 4.1 Temporary Suspension of Innocent Passage ......................................... 75

* 4.2 Offshore Installation Safety Zones ......................................................... 76

* 4.2.1 IMO Safety Zones ............................................................................... 78

* 4.2.2 U.S. Safety Zones ................................................................................82

* 4.2.3 U.K. Safety Zones ............................................................................... 84

* 4.3 World-Wide Navigational Warning Service ............................................ 85

* 4.3.1 U.S. Navigational Warnings ................................................................ 88

* 4.3.1.1 HYDROPAC: Strait of Hormuz—Iranian Naval Exercises ............... 88

* 4.3.1.2 HYDROLANT: Mediterranean Sea—Hazardous Operations ........... 89

* 4.3.1.3 Special Warning: Cuba .................................................................... 90

* 4.3.1.4 Special Warning: Papua New Guinea—Political Unrest .................. 90

* 4.3.1.5 Special Warning: Morocco—Aggressive Maritime Enforcement ..... 91

* 4.3.1.6 Special Warning: Persian Gulf—UN Security Council Enforcement Action ... 91

* 4.3.1.7 Special Warning: Sri Lanka—Combating Terrorist Threats ............ 92

* 4.3.1.8 Special Warning: Yemen—Threats to U.S. Citizens ....................... 93

* 4.3.1.9 Special Warning: Iran—Danger to Shipping .................................... 93

* 4.3.1.10 Special Warning: Sierra Leone—Dangerous Port ........................... 94

* 4.3.1.11 Special Warning: United States—Worldwide Defensive Measures . 94

* 4.3.1.12 Special Warning: Persian Gulf—Military Operations ........................ 95

* 4.3.1.13 Special Warning: East Africa—Terrorist Threat ................................ 96

* 4.3.1.14 Special Warning: Yemen—Terrorist Threat ........................................ 97

* 4.3.1.15 Special Warning: Somalia—Piracy .................................................... 97

* 4.3.2 U.S. Maritime Administration Advisories ................................................. 98

* 4.3.2.1 Reporting Terrorist Incidents ................................................................ 98

* 4.3.2.2 Regional Terrorist and Piracy Threat .................................................... 98

* 4.3.2.3 Vessels Transiting High Risk Waters (HRW)—Maritime Piracy ............ 99

* 4.3.2.4 Japan Tsunami Radiological Threat and Debris Field ......................... 102

* 4.4 Aeronautical Information Services ............................................................. 103

* 4.4.1 ICAO Aeronautical Information Service .................................................. 103

* 4.4.2 U.S. Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) ..............................................................105

Chapter Five: Marine Environmental Protection and Control Measures ............ 113

* 5.1 The Marine Environment ............................................................................ 113

* 5.1.1 Evolution of Marine Environmental Law .................................................. 113

* 5.1.2 Framework Agreements to Protect the Marine Environment ................... 116

* 5.2 Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas ................................................................. 121

* 5.2.1 Western Europe PSSA and the 2005 Guidelines ......................................121

* 5.2.2 Malpelo Island PSSA (Colombia)—Regulation without Protection ............126

* 5.2.3 Baltic Sea Area PSSA—Regulation without Concurrence .........................130

* 5.2.4 Papahānaumokuākea PSSA (United States)—Regulation without Need.. 131

* 5.2.5 Mid-Pacific Ocean National Monuments (United States) ...........................135

* 5.3 Ships' Routeing, Vessel Traffic Services, and Ships' Reporting ................... 141

* 5.4 Mandatory Ship Reporting (United States) ................................................... 146

* 5.5 Marine Mammals .......................................................................................... 147

* 5.5.1 Natural Resources Defense Council v. Winter (Sonar Litigation) .............. 147

* 5.5.2 Navy Mitigation Measures during Sonar Operations ................................. 151

Chapter Six: U.S. Safety and Security Zones and Airspace Control Measures .... 155

* 6.1 Introduction to U.S. Zones .................................................................... 156

* 6.2 Jurisdiction over the Navigable Waters of the United States ................ 156

* 6.2.1 Ports and Waterways Safety Act ........................................................ 157

* 6.2.2 Presidential Proclamation No. 5928 ................................................... 160