Reshaping Rohingya Future : coping strategies and emerging agencies

**1 Introduction: How Are the Rohingya Reshaping Their Futures? Exploring Agencies to Reach Yet Blurred Vision** ... 1

*Nasir Uddin*

    1 Preamble ... 1

    2 Part I: Saga of Refugee Life, Social Exclusion, and Livelihood Access ... 3

    3 Part II: Lost Generation, Militancy, and Digital Activism ... 7

    4 Part III: Vulnerability, Resilience, and Emerging Agencies ... 9

    5 Conclusion ... 12

    References ... 13

**Part I Saga of Refugee Life, Social Exclusion and Livelihood Access** ... 17

**2 Can the Rohingya Refugee Crisis Be Solved Sustainably? Addressing Environmental Concerns in Ukhiya, Cox’s Bazar** ... 19

*Md. Habibur Rahman and Yohei Mitani*

    1 Introduction ... 19

    2 Materials and Methods ... 24

    3 Results and Discussion ... 27

    4 Conclusion ... 36

    References ... 37

**3 Manipulated Interpreting with Donor Delegates at Rohingya Refugee Camps** ... 43

*Mohammad Harun Or Rashid*

    1 Introduction ... 43

    2 Related Studies ... 46

    3 Interview Data ... 49

    4 Thematic Analysis ... 51

    5 Discussion ... 56

    6 Conclusion ... 60

    References ... 61

**4 A Lifelong Saga of Forced Migration and Livelihood Access to Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh** ... 65

*Sadrul Alam Kanok and Mahmuda Khatun*

    1 Introduction ... 65

    2 Historical Legacy of Rohingya Refugees with Setting Up Camps in Bangladesh ... 67

    3 State Intervention, Forced Migration, and Livelihood ... 68

    4 Methodology ... 73

    5 A Life of Unending Distress ... 74

    6 Discussion ... 83

    7 Conclusion ... 85

    References ... 87

**5 Social Exclusion and Survival Strategies of Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh** ... 89

*Valentina Grillo*

    1 Introduction ... 89

    2 Theories on Social Exclusion in Refugee Camps ... 92

    3 Social Exclusion and Hyper-mobility in the Informal Settlement Camp ... 94

    4 Heterogeneous Survival Strategies in the Old Camp ... 99

    5 Isolation Within the “Accidental Community” in the New Camp ... 104

    6 Conclusions ... 108

    Bibliography ... 110

**Part II Lost Generation, Militancy, and Digital Activism** ... 113

**6 From Tech-Led Violence to Digital Empowerment: Localizing Global Norms on GBV

     among the Rohingya Youth** ... 115 *Sarah Nandi and Md. Tareq Hossain*

    1 Introduction ... 115

    2 Methodology ... 119

    3 Digital Activism and Local Norm Formation: Rohingya Youth Mobilizing Against SGBV ... 122

    4 Rohingya Youth Digital Activism Against SGBV ... 125

    5 Conclusion ... 138

    References ... 141

**7 Agency of the Refugees in Camp Governance: Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh** ... 147

*Sariful Islam*

    1 Introduction ... 147

    2 Camp Governance, Social Protection, and Refugees Agency: A Conceptual Analysis ... 148

    3 Methodology ... 152

    4 Refugees in Camp Governance: Exploring Diversified Role and Initiatives of Rohingya

       Refugees in Bangladesh ... 153

    5 Why Don’t the Refugee and Refugee-Led Organisations Get Proper Recognition? ... 167

    6 Conclusion ... 170

    References ... 171

**8 Paternalising Rohingya Refugees to Undermine Their Agency: An Analysis of UNHCR

        Field Mission in Bangladesh** ... 177

*Tejal Khanna*

    1 Introduction ... 177

    2 Operating Environment of UNHCR in Bangladesh ... 179

    3 Surviving as an IO by Patronising Refugees ... 187

    4 Paternalism Rooted in Dysfunctional Behaviour ... 189

    5 Conclusion ... 197

    References ... 198

**Part III Vulnerability, Resilience, and Emerging Agencies** ... 201

**9 Everyday Struggle and Emerging Agencies in Camp Life: The Rohingya Refugees

       in Bangladesh** ... 203

*Nasir Uddin*

    1 Introduction ... 203

    2 Methodology and Theoretical Framework ... 205

    3 Everyday Struggle of Rohingya in Refugee Camps ... 208

    4 Emerging Agencies ... 213

    5 Conclusion ... 221

    References ... 222

**10 Resilience, Resistance, Agency, and Liminality: What Aids in Re-imagining the Rohingya

         Future** ... 225

*Ibtesum Afrin*

    1 Introduction ... 225

    2 Resilience, Resistance, Agency, and Future ... 228

    3 Coping Strategies, Emerging Agencies, and Rohingya Future ... 231

    4 Rohingya Youths and Re-imagining the Future ... 237

    5 What Aids in Re-imagining the Rohingya Future: A Discussion ... 241

    6 Conclusion ... 245

    References ... 246

**11 Myanmar’s Recent Political Crisis: Its Effects on the Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh** ... 251

*Taslima Aktar*

    1 Introduction ... 251

    2 Methodology ... 253

    3 The Political History of Rohingya Fleeing from Myanmar to Bangladesh ... 254

    4 Myanmar’s Recent Political Context ... 256

    5 Myanmar’s Recent Political Crisis Impacts on the Rohingya in Bangladesh ... 259

    6 Conclusion ... 271

    References ... 273

**12 Conclusion: Points to Ponder the Futures of the Rohingya and Their Crises** ... 277

*Nasir Uddin*

    1 Introduction ... 277

    2 Is There Any Solution to the Rohingya Crisis? ... 278

    3 The International Community Talk Much but Does Less! ... 279

    4 Stakeholders’ Views on the Solution to the Rohingya Crisis! ... 279

    5 Research Can Help Policymakers Frame Policy ... 281

    6 Who Is Responsible for the Unresolved Crisis? ... 282

    7 Conclusion ... 283