Introduction to international relations : power and justice

Preface xiii

Acknowledgments xv

I International Relations in a Political Setting 1

1 The Study of International Relations 3

The Traditionalist and Scientific Approaches to International Relations 5

A Plea for Humanism 10

Suggestions for Further Study 12

2 What Is Politics 13

Alternative Styles of Politics 14

Three Approaches to Politics 17

Suggestions for Further Study 23

3 Theories and Theory Building in International Relations 25

Units and Levels of Analysis 26

The Utility of Theory in International Relations 28

Limitations on Theory Building in International Relations 29

Suggestions for Further Study 34

II National Actors Their Attributes Interests and Policies 35

4 The Nation State and Nationalism 37

Ethnic Pluralism 38

The Roots of Nationalism 42

The Rise of Modern Nationalism 44

National Sovereignty 47

Challenges to Nationalism 50

Prospects for Nationalism 52

Suggestions for Further Study 54

5 Power and Capabilities of Nation States 56

The Imprecision of Power as a Concept 56

Attempts to Operationalize the Definition of Power 58

The Power Profiles of Nation States 64

Can We Return to a Single Useful Concept of Power 71

Suggestions for Further Study 73

6 National Interests and Other Interests 74

Defining the National Interest An Art or a Science 75

Hans Morgenthau on National Interest 77

The Fragmentation of National Interest 81

Global Interests and Objectives 87

Suggestions for Further Study 88

7 Foreign Policies and Decision Making Processes of Nation States 89

Theorizing About Foreign Policy 90

The Study of Foreign Policy Decision Making 99

A Revisionist Critique of Decision Making Theory 106

Formal Attempts to Compare Foreign Policies 107

Conclusion 110

Suggestions for Further Study 111

III International Political Processes Civilized Actors in a Primitive System 113

8 Diplomacy 115

Diplomacy Among Nation States The Level of Negotiations 116

The Functions of Diplomatic Missions 118

The Structure and Instruments of Diplomacy 120

The Changing Scope of Diplomacy 123

Secret Versus Open Diplomacy 125

Profiles of the Effective Diplomat 127

The Prevalent Profile of Effective Statesmanship 129

Some General Rules for Good Diplomats and Statesmen 132

Suggestions for Further Study 135

9 Political Warfare and Intelligence 136

Intelligence and Espionage 136

The Intelligence Mission 138

Psychological Warfare 139

Economic Warfare 140

Political Warfare 142

The Organization of the Intelligence Mission 143

Profiles of Secret Agents 146

Intelligence in a Democracy 149

Suggestions for Further Study 150

10 War and Its Causes 152

The History of Warfare 152

Causes of War 157

Conclusion 169

Suggestions for Further Study 170

11 Modes and Levels of Warfare 171

Internal War 173

International War 180

The Nuclear Problem 183

Suggestions for Further Study 185

12 The Control of Conflict in the International System 187

A Word on Concepts 190

A Historical Overview of Arms Control 191

Systems of Arms Control Verification 194

Social Costs of Armaments 196

Law of War 199

Suggestions for Further Study 202

13 The Balance of Power System and Its Variations 204

The Concept of Balance of Power 206

The Balance of Power in Modern History 209

Alternative World Political Systems 212

The Conflict Quotient of Various International Systems 219

Conclusion 220

Suggestions for Further Study 222

IV The Rudimentary Institutions of the International System 225

14 International Law Fact or Fiction 227

The Concept of Law 227

The Historical Development of International Law 229

The Naturalist Positivist Debate 231

The Sources of International Law 232

The Subjects of International Law 235

Recognition of States and Governments 236

Jurisdiction of States and Governments 238

The Law of Treaties 242

The Laws of War and Reprisals and Other Methods of Self Help 244

Alternative Perceptions of International Law 248

Suggestions for Further Study 250

15 The Great Experiments in Global Organization 252

Defining International Organization 252

The Historical Development of International Organizations 256

The League of Nations 261

The United Nations System of Organizations 264

Beyond Peace Keeping 270

The United Nations Record in Decolonization 272

The International Protection of Human Rights 274

Assessment of the United Nations System 277

Suggestions for Further Study 278

16 The Theory and Practice of Functionalism and Regional Integration 280

The Theory of Integration 282

Problem of Defining Regions 284

Regional Defense Organizations 286

Regional Functional Organizations The Western European Experiment 287

Some Generalizations About Regional Integration 291

The Debate Between Regionalists and Universalists 294

Assessing Regionalism 295

Suggestions for Further Study 299

17 The International Economy Widening the Political Net 301

The Magnitude of Interdependence 301

International Trade The Argument Between Free Traders and Protectionists 303

The Regulation of International Transactions 307

The Balance of Payments as an Ingredient of National Power 313

International Economic Institutions and the Planetary Economy 315

Suggestions for Further Study 319

V The International System in Transition 321

18 The Gap Between Rich and Poor Reassessing the Meaning and Process of Development 323

Economic Development 324

Political Development 326

Social Development 330

Two Strategies for the Development of Third World Countries 333

Objective Indicators of Development 336

Suggestions for Further Study 340

19 New and Neglected Actors in the International System 342

Multinational Corporations 344

Ethnicity and Ethnic Groups Neglected Actors in the Analysis of International Relations 352

Terrorist Movements and Organizations 355

Conclusion 358

Suggestions for Further Study 359

20 Challenges to the Existence of Mankind 361

The Threat of War 362

Ecocide 365

The Population Explosion 367

Food or Famine 369

Alienation 372

A Parting Word 376

Suggestions for Further Study 377

Index 378